SELECT Clause#

Specifies the columns to be returned by the query.

Syntax#

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
[ TOP ( expression ) [ PERCENT ] [ WITH TIES ] ]
<select_list>
<select_list> ::=
    {
      *
      | { table_name | view_name | table_alias }.*
      | {
          [ { table_name | view_name | table_alias }. ]
               { column_name  }
          | expression
          [ [ AS ] column_alias ]
         }
      | column_alias = expression
    } [ ,...n ]

Arguments#

ALL

Specifies that duplicate rows can appear in the result set. ALL is the default.

DISTINCT

Specifies that only unique rows can appear in the result set. Null values are considered equal for the purposes of the DISTINCT keyword.

TOP (expression) [ PERCENT ] [ WITH TIES ]

Indicates that only a specified first set or percent of rows will be returned from the query result set. expression can be either a number or a percent of the rows.

For backward compatibility, using the TOP expression without parentheses in SELECT statements is supported, but we do not recommend it. For more information, see TOP.

< select_list > The columns to be selected for the result set. The select list is a series of expressions separated by commas. The maximum number of expressions that can be specified in the select list is 4096.

*

Specifies that all columns from all tables and views in the FROM clause should be returned. The columns are returned by table or view, as specified in the FROM clause, and in the order in which they exist in the table or view.

table_name | view_name | table_alias.*

Limits the scope of the * to the specified table or view.

column_name

Is the name of a column to return. Qualify column_name to prevent an ambiguous reference, such as occurs when two tables in the FROM clause have columns with duplicate names. For example, the SalesOrderHeader and SalesOrderDetail tables in the AdventureWorks2012 database both have a column named ModifiedDate. If the two tables are joined in a query, the modified date of the SalesOrderDetail entries can be specified in the select list as SalesOrderDetail.ModifiedDate.

expression

Is a constant, function, any combination of column names, constants, and functions connected by an operator or operators, or a subquery.

column_ alias

Is an alternative name to replace the column name in the query result set. For example, an alias such as Quantity, or Quantity to Date, or Qty can be specified for a column named quantity.

Aliases are used also to specify names for the results of expressions, for example:

USE AdventureWorks2012;

SELECT AVG(UnitPrice) AS [Average Price]
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail;

column_alias can be used in an ORDER BY clause. However, it cannot be used in a WHERE, GROUP BY, or HAVING clause.

Remarks#

The length of data returned for text or ntext columns that are included in the select list is set to the smallest value of the following: the actual size of the text column, the default TEXTSIZE session setting, or the hard-coded application limit. To change the length of returned text for the session, use the SET statement. By default, the limit on the length of text data returned with a SELECT statement is 4,000 bytes.

See Also#